TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Therapeutic Modalities for Improving Range of Motion A1 - Starsky, Andrew A2 - Bellew, James W. A2 - Michlovitz, Susan L. A2 - Nolan Jr., Thomas P. PY - 2016 T2 - Modalities for Therapeutic Intervention, 6e AB - Loss of range of motion (ROM) can occur from a variety of causes, including but not limited to pain, immobilization, edema, spasticity, and decreased muscle strength. Although many treatment strategies may be used to restore or improve ROM, therapeutic modalities represent one such strategy. The use of biophysical agents, such as cold, heat, and ultrasound, is appropriate in many cases for addressing limited ROM. Likewise, electrical stimulation in the form of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief or neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for decreasing spasticity and activating skeletal muscle may be useful for improving ROM. While the physiological mechanisms and clinical administration of each of the biophysical agents have been presented in greater detail in earlier chapters of this text, this chapter presents the use of modalities as part of the active treatment plan for increasing ROM due to limited joint mobility. Therefore, the intent of this chapter is to show the clinician how to effectively use therapeutic modalities to increase ROM. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - fadavispt.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1180667800 ER -