++
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter the reader should be able to:
12.1 Describe the concept of energy balance.
12.2 List the factors that affect an individual’s ability to maintain weight.
12.3 Describe how the determinants of energy balance change with aging.
12.4 List the major physical activity recommendations of the federal government’s Physical Activity Guidelines.
12.5 Describe how the prevalence of obesity has changed over the past 20 years and list several reasons for the increase.
12.6 Explain how the hormones ghrelin, peptide YY, leptin, insulin, and adiponectin affect hunger and satiety.
12.7 List five health conditions that result from obesity.
12.8 Define and describe the term metabolically healthy obesity.
12.9 Provide a list of five tips to offer athletes who would like to gain weight or muscle mass.
12.10 Define what it means to adopt a healthy lifestyle.
12.11 Describe what factors increase the likelihood of sustained weight loss maintenance.
12.12 Provide a list of five tips to offer athletes who would like to lose weight or muscle mass.
++
KEY TERMS
adiponectin A hormone produced by fat cells; it increases insulin sensitivity and stimulates fat breakdown. Low levels may contribute to an increased risk for insulin resistance and diabetes.
android body type “Apple shaped”; body tends to carry excess fat around the abdomen.
caloric deficit The net expenditure of calories created when calories expended exceed calories consumed.
energy balance The relationship of calories consumed with calories expended.
energy expenditure The amount of calories burned by the body in a 24-hour period.
gastric bypass A weight-loss procedure in which a surgeon reduces the stomach to about the size of an egg and then reattaches it to the small intestine, thereby “bypassing” most of the stomach.
ghrelin The “hunger hormone”; a hormone released by the stomach in response to low energy levels in the body, which signals hunger.
gynoid body type “Pear shaped”; body tends to carry excess fat around the hips and thighs.
insulin A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is required for the transport of glucose from blood into tissues.
leptin A hormone produced by adipose tissue that suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure; levels increase with increased fat storage. Obesity is associated with leptin resistance.
lifestyle changes Changes made to daily routines or habits; in this instance, changes are made to create a healthier lifestyle.
motivational interviewing A collaborative communication technique in which the client and coach work together to help the client develop a plan of action for behavior change.
negative energy balance When fewer calories are consumed than expended; leads to weight loss.
neutral energy balance When the number of calories consumed is equal to the number of calories expended.
peptide YY (PYY) An appetite suppressant released by the small intestine.
phytochemicals A variety of compounds found in plants that may have potential health benefits in humans.
positive energy balance When more calories are consumed than expended; leads to weight gain.
satiety A feeling of being fully satisfied, ...