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Chapter Objectives
At the conclusion of this chapter, the reader will be able to:
Identify the key anatomical and biomechanical features of the shoulder and their impact on examination and intervention.
List and perform key procedures used in the orthopaedic manual physical therapy (OMPT) examination of the shoulder.
Demonstrate sound clinical decision-making in evaluating the results of the OMPT examination.
Use pertinent examination findings to reach a differential diagnosis and prognosis.
Discuss issues related to the safe performance of OMPT interventions for the shoulder.
Demonstrate basic competence in the performance of a skill set of joint mobilization techniques for the shoulder.
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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY AND KINEMATICS
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Normal function of the shoulder joint complex requires the precise synchronization of four distinct articulations. The sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joints compose a system of interdependent joints that serve a preeminent role in the function of the upper extremity. Cyriax1 describes the primary function of the shoulder as positioning the hand in space so as to allow an individual to interact with his or her environment and to perform fine motor functional tasks. See Table 22–1 for shoulder motions that are typically required to perform common functional activities.
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The Sternoclavicular Joint
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The sternoclavicular (SC) joint is generally considered to be a saddle joint2,3 that operates about three axes of motion (Fig. 22–1). The head of the clavicle is larger than the articulating surface of the sternum, thus predisposing the joint to instability, particularly in response to medially directed forces. The sternal articular surface is concave in the frontal plane and convex in the sagittal plane, which corresponds to the medial articular surface of the clavicle. An intra-articular disc divides the joint into two individual synovial cavities and resists medial migration of the clavicle and provides shock absorption. The medial clavicle also articulates inferiorly with the costal cartilage of the first rib, which contributes to the stability of the SC joint.
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Stability of the SC Joint
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The synovial capsule of the SC joint is considered to be least extensive at its inferior ...