| Glenohumeral (GH) flexion | Supine, knees flexed; elbow in extension and forearm in neutral with palm facing body; do not abduct the shoulder | Scapula to prevent posterior tilt, upward rotation and elevation | Greater tubercle | Midaxillary line of thorax | Lateral midline of humerus |
| Shoulder complex flexion | Same as GH flexion | Thorax to prevent extension of spine | Same as GH flexion | Same as GH flexion | Same as GH flexion |
| GH extension | Prone, face turned away from shoulder being tested; elbow in slight flexion and forearm in neutral with palm facing body; do not abduct the shoulder | Scapula to prevent elevation and anterior tilt | Greater tubercle | Midaxillary line of thorax | Lateral midline of humerus using lateral epicondyle for reference |
| Shoulder complex extension | Same as GH extension | Thorax to prevent forward flexion of spine | Same as GH extension | Same as GH extension | Same as GH extension |
| GH abduction | Supine, with shoulder laterally rotated and elbow extended | Scapula to prevent upward rotation and elevation | Anterior aspect of acromion process | Parallel to anterior midline of sternum | Anterior midline of humerus; medial epicondyle may be helpful |
| Shoulder complex abduction | Same as GH abduction | Thorax to prevent lateral flexion of spine | Same as GH abduction | Same as GH abduction | Same as GH abduction |
| Glenohumeral (GH) medial rotation | Supine, shoulder in 90° abduction and elbow in 90° flexion; palm faces caudally; towel roll under distal humerus to level | Scapula to prevent anterior tilt or protraction | Olecranon process | Perpendicular or parallel to the floor | Lateral midline of ulna using olecranon and ulnar styloid for reference |
| Shoulder complex medial rotation | Same as GH medial rotation | Distal humerus to maintain 90° of shoulder abduction and 90° of elbow flexion; body weight stabilizes trunk | Same as GH medial rotation | Same as GH medial rotation | Same as GH medial rotation |
| GH lateral rotation | Same as GH medial rotation | Scapula to prevent posterior tilt or retraction | Same as GH medial rotation | Same as GH medial rotation | Same as GH medial rotation |
| Shoulder complex lateral rotation | Same as GH medial rotation | Distal humerus to maintain 90° of shoulder abduction and 90° of elbow flexion; body weight and plinth stabilize trunk | Same as GH medial rotation | Same as GH medial rotation | Same as GH medial rotation |