| ACE | Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme ACE plays an important role in the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasopressor. | Muscle mechanical efficiency | 106180 | 17q23 | Response to aerobic exercise training is dependent on ACE genotype. | Williams, AG, and Rayson, MP: Nature 403:614–615, 2000. |
| ACTN3 | Al pha-Actinin-3 ACTN3 regulates the expression of the actin-binding protein alpha-actinin and is expressed in type 2 (fast) skeletal muscle fibers. | Muscle force generating capacity | 102574 | 11q13-q14 | The ACTN3 577R allele provides an advantage for power and sprint activities. ACTN3 R577X genotype influences the response to strength training in older adults. | Yang, N, et al: Am J Hum Genetics 73:627–631, 2003. Delmonico, MJ, et al: J Gerontol 62A(2): 206–212, 2007. |
| APOE | Apolipoprotein E APOE is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. There are three alleles (variants) of this gene (APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4). | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) | 107741 | 19q13.2 | Ethnicity interacts with E2/3 genotype at the APOE gene locus to influence response to endurance training. Physical activity participation may counteract the potentially deleterious effects of the APOE4 genotype on lipid profiles. | Obisesan, TO. et al: Metabolism 57: 1669–1676, 2008. Bernstein, MS, et al: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Bio 22(1): 133–140, 2002. |