1. +
Aguila,
FJ,
et al: Immediate effect of ultrasound and ischemic compression techniques for the treatment of trapezius latent myofascial trigger points in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled study.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther 32:515–520, 2009.
[PubMed: 19748402]
2. +
American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines: Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: 2000 update.
Arthritis Rheum 43(9):1905–1915, 2000.
[PubMed: 11014340]
3. +
American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis Guidelines: 2002 Update.
Arthritis Rheum 46(2): 328–346, 2002.
[PubMed: 11840435]
4. +
American College of Sports Medicine: American College of Sports Medicine's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, ed. 8. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.
5. +
Anderson,
RJ: Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical and laboratory features. In Klippel,
JH (ed): Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases, ed. 12. Atlanta: Arthritis Foundation, 2001, p 218.
6. +
Arnett,
FC,
et al: The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Rheum 31:315–324, 1988.
[PubMed: 3358796]
7. +
Bergstrom,
I,
et al: Physical training preserves bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with forearm fractures and low bone mineral density.
Osteoporos Int 19:177–183, 2008.
[PubMed: 17768587]
8. +
Bilberg,
A, Ahlmen,
M, and Mannerkorpi,
K: Moderately intensive exercise in a temperate pool for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled study.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 44(4):502–508, 2005.
[PubMed: 15728422]
9. +
Bocalini,
DS,
et al: Strength training preserves the bone mineral density of postmenopausal women without hormone replacement therapy.
J Aging Health 21:519–527, 2009.
[PubMed: 19252142]
10. +
Boissonnault,
WG, and Goodman,
CC: Bone, joint, and soft tissue disorders. In Goodman,
CC, Fuller,
KS, and Boissonnault,
WG (eds): Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist, ed. 2. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2003, p 929.
11. +
Bonaiuti,
D,
et al: Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002(3):CD000333.
12. +
Borg,
G, Hassmen,
P, and Lagerstrom,
M: Perceived exertion related to heart rate and blood lactate during arm and leg exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 65:679–685, 1987.
13. +
Brosseau,
L,
et al: Intensity of exercise for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003(2):CD004259.
14. +
Brosseau,
L,
et al: Ottawa panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for therapeutic exercise in the management of rheumatoid arthritis in adults.
Phys Ther 84(10):934–972, 2004.
[PubMed: 15449978]
15. +
Brosseau,
L,
et al: Ottawa panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for therapeutic exercises and manual therapy in the management of osteoarthritis.
Phys Ther 85(9):907–971, 2005.
[PubMed: 16117601]
16. +
Brosseau,
L,
et al: Ottawa panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for aerobic fitness exercises in the management of fibromyalgia: Part 1.
Phys Ther 88:857–871, 2008.
[PubMed: 18497301]
17. +
Brosseau,
L,
et al: Ottawa panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for strengthening exercises in the management of fibromyalgia: Part 2.
Phys Ther 88:873–886, 2008.
[PubMed: 18497302]
18. +
Bruce,
ML, and Peck,
B: New rheumatoid arthritis treatments. Holistic Nurs Pract 19(5):197–204, 2005.
19. +
Busch,
A,
et al: Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(4):CD003786.
20. +
Busch,
A,
et al: Exercise for fibromyalgia: a systematic review. J Rheumatol, 35:1130–1144, 2008.
22. +
Chodzko-Zajko,
W, Proctor,
D, and Singh,
M: American College of Sports Medicine position stand on exercise and physical activity for older adults.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:1510–1530, 2009.
[PubMed: 19516148]
23. +
Christie,
A,
et al: Effectiveness of nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of systematic reviews.
Phys Ther 87(12):1697–1715, 2007.
[PubMed: 17906290]
24. +
Clark,
SR, Burckhardt,
CS, and Bennett,
RM: The use of exercise to treat rheumatic disease. In Goldberg,
L, and Elliot,
DL (eds): Exercise for Prevention and Treatment of Illness. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1994, p 83.
25. +
Cochrane,
T, Davey,
RC, and Matthes Edwards,
SM: Randomised controlled trial of the cost-effectiveness of water-based therapy for lower limb osteoarthritis. Health Technol Assess 9(31):1–114, 2005.
26. +
Cummings,
GS, and Tillman,
LJ: Remodeling of dense connective tissue in normal adult tissues. In Currier,
DP, and Nelson,
RM (eds): Dynamics of Human Biologic Tissues. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1992, p 45.
27. +
De Jong,
Z, and Vlieland,
TP: Safety of exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol 17(2):177–182, 2005.
[PubMed: 15711232]
28. +
de Kam,
D, Smulders,
E, and Weerdesteyn,
V: Exercise interventions to reduce fall-related fractures and their risk factors in individuals with low bone density: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Osteoporos Int 20:2111–2125, 2009.
[PubMed: 19421702]
29. +
Dommerholt,
J, Bron,
C, and Franssen,
J: Myofascial trigger points: an evidence-informed review. J Manual Manip Ther 14:203–221, 2006.
30. +
Evcik,
D,
et al: Effectiveness of aquatic therapy in treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled open study.
Rheumatol Int 28:885–890, 2008.
[PubMed: 18278501]
31. +
Felson,
DT,
et al: Osteoarthritis: New insights. Part 1: The disease and its risk factors.
Ann Intern Med 133(8):635–646, 2000.
[PubMed: 11033593]
32. +
Felson,
DT,
et al: Osteoarthritis: New insights. Part 2: Treatment approaches.
Ann Intern Med 133(9):726–737, 2000.
[PubMed: 11074906]
33. +
Fernandes-de-las-Penas,
C, Alonso-Blanco,
C, and Miangolarra,
JC: Myofascial trigger points in subjects presenting with mechanical neck pain: a blinded, controlled study. Manual The 12:29–33, 2007.
34. +
Fernandes-de-las-Penas,
C, Cuadrado,
M, and Pareja,
J: Myofascial trigger points, neck mobility, and forward head posture in episodic tension-type headache.
Headache 47:662–672, 2007.
[PubMed: 17501847]
35. +
Fernandes-de-las-Penas,
C,
et al: Myofascial trigger points and sensitization: an updated pain model for tension-type headache. Cephalagia 27:383–393, 2007.
36. +
Fiatorone,
M,
et al: Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med 30(25):1769–1775, 1994.
37. +
Foley,
A,
et al: Does hydrotherapy improve strength and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis—a randomized controlled trial comparing a gym based and a hydrotherapy based strengthening programme.
Ann Rheum Dis 62(12):1162–1167, 2003.
[PubMed: 14644853]
38. +
Frontera,
W,
et al: Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function.
J Appl Physiol 64(3):1038–1044, 1988.
[PubMed: 3366726]
39. +
Gerwin,
R: The taut band and other mysteries of the trigger point: an examination of the mechanisms relevant to the development and maintenance of the trigger point. J Musculoskel Pain 16:115–121, 2008.
40. +
Guadalupe-Grau,
A,
et al: Exercise and bone mass in adults.
Sports Med 39:439–468, 2009.
[PubMed: 19453205]
41. +
Haskell,
W,
et al: Physical activity and public health: updated recommendations for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association.
Circulation 116:1081–1093, 2007.
[PubMed: 17671237]
42. +
Hawley,
DJ: Health status assessment. In Wegener,
ST (ed): Clinical Care in the Rheumatic Diseases. Atlanta: American College of Rheumatology, 1996.
43. +
Hidalgo-Losano,
A,
et al: Muscle trigger points and pressure hyperalgesia in the shoulder muscles in patients with unilateral shoulder impingement: a blinded, controlled study.
Exp Brain Res 202:915–925, 2010.
[PubMed: 20186400]
44. +
Hockberg,
MC: Osteoarthritis: Clinical features and treatment. In Klippel,
JH (ed): Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases, ed. 11. Atlanta: Arthritis Foundation, 1997, p 218.
45. +
Hoeksma,
HL,
et al: Comparison of manual therapy and exercise therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized clinical trial.
Arthritis Rheum 51(5):722–729, 2004.
[PubMed: 15478147]
46. +
Holtgrefe,
K, McCloy,
C, and Rome,
L: Changes associated with a quota-based approach on a walking program for individuals with fibromyalgia.
JOSPT 37:717–724, 2007.
[PubMed: 18349477]
47. +
Huntoon,
E, Schmidt,
C, and Sinaki,
M: Significantly fewer refractures after vertebroplasty in patients who engage in back-extensor-strengthening exercises.
Mayo Clin Proc 83:54–57, 2008.
[PubMed: 18174007]
48. +
Kaelin,
ME,
et al: Cardiopulmonary responses, muscle soreness, and injury during the one repetition maximum assessment in pulmonary rehabilitation patients.
J Cardiopulm Rehabil 19(6): 366–372, 1999.
[PubMed: 10609187]
49. +
Kaltenborn,
F: Manual Mobilization of the Extremity Joints: The Kaltenborn Method of Joint Examination and Treatment. Vol I. The Extremities, ed. 5. Oslo: Olaf Norlis Bokhandel, 1999.
50. +
Karlsson,
M, Nordqvist,
A, and Karlsson,
C: Sustainability of exercise induced increased in bone density and skeletal structure. Food Nutr Res 2008:52. DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1872.
51. +
Kukuljan,
S,
et al. Effects of a multi-component exercise program and calcium-viamin-D
3-fortified milk on bone mineral density in older men: a randomized controlled trial.
Osteoporos Int 20:1241–1251, 2009.
[PubMed: 18958384]
52. +
Lawrence,
RC,
et al: Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part II.
Arthritis and Rheumatism 58:26–35, 2008.
[PubMed: 18163497]
53. +
Leonard,
JB: Joint protection for inflammatory disorders. In Lichtman,
DM, and Alexander,
AH (eds): The Wrist and Its Disorders, ed. 2. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1997, p 1377.
54. +
Lucas,
K, Polus,
B, and Rich,
P: Latent myofascial trigger points: their effects on muscle activation and movement efficiency. J Body Movt Ther 8:160–166, 2004.
55. +
Lucas,
K, Rich,
P, and Polus,
B: How common are latent myofascial trigger points in the scapular positioning muscles? J Musculoskel Pain 16:279–286, 2008.
56. +
Majlesi,
J, and Unalan,
H: High power pain threshold ultrasound technique in the treatment of active myofascial trigger points: a randomized, double blind, case-control study.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:833–836, 2004.
[PubMed: 15129409]
57. +
Mannerkorpi,
K,
et al: Pool exercise for patients with fibromyalgia or chronic widespread pain: a randomized controlled trial and subgroup analyses.
J Rehabil Med 41:751–760, 2009.
[PubMed: 19774310]
58. +
Margolis,
S, and Flynn,
JA: Arthritis: The Johns Hopkins White Papers. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 2000.
59. +
Martyn-St James,
M, and Carroll,
S: Meta-analysis of walking for preservation of bone mineral density of postmenopausal women.
Bone 43:521–531, 2008.
[PubMed: 18602880]
60. +
Matteson,
EL: Rheumatoid arthritis: Treatment. In Klippel,
JH (ed): Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases, ed. 12. Atlanta: Arthritis Foundation, 2001, p 225.
61. +
McDonough,
A: Effect of immobilization and exercise on articular cartilage: a review of literature.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 3(1):2–5, 1981.
[PubMed: 18810142]
62. +
McKinnis,
LN: Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Imaging, ed. 3. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 2010.
63. +
Metsios,
GS,
et al: Rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and physical exercise: a systematic review.
Rheumatology 47(3):239–248, 2007.
[PubMed: 18045810]
64. +
Minor,
MA,
et al: Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Arthritis Rheum 32(11):1396–1405, 1989.
[PubMed: 2818656]
65. +
Moayyeri,
A: The association between physical activity and osteoporosis fractures: a review of the evidence and implications for future research.
Ann Epidemiol 18:827–835, 2008.
[PubMed: 18809340]
66. +
Morganti,
C,
et al: Strength improvements with 1 yr of progressive resistance training in older women.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 27(6):906–912, 1995.
[PubMed: 7658954]
70. +
Nelson,
M, and Wernick,
S: Strong Women, Strong Bones, Updated. New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2006.
71. +
Nelson,
M,
et al: Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association.
Circulation 116:1094–1105, 2007.
[PubMed: 17671236]
72. +
Nelson,
M,
et al: Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:1435–1445, 2007.
[PubMed: 17762378]
73. +
Phillips,
CA: Therapist's management of patients with RA. In Lichtman,
DM, and Alexander,
AH (eds): The Wrist and Its Disorders, ed. 2. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1997, p 1345.
74. +
Pincus,
T: Rheumatoid arthritis. In Wegener,
ST (ed): Clinical Care in the Rheumatic Diseases. Atlanta: American College of Rheumatology, 1996, p 147.
75. +
Roddy,
E,
et al: Evidence-based recommendations for the role of exercise in the management of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee—the MOVE consensus.
Rheumatology 44(1):67–73, 2005.
[PubMed: 15353613]
76. +
Roddy,
E, Zhang,
W, and Doherty,
M: Aerobic walking or strengthening exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee? A systematic review.
Ann Rheum Dis 64(4):544–548, 2005.
[PubMed: 15769914]
77. +
Rotstein,
A, Harush,
M, and Vaisman,
N: The effect of a water exercise program on bone density of postmenopausal women.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness 48:352–359, 2008.
[PubMed: 18974722]
78. +
Russel,
IJ: Fibromyalgia syndrome. In Mense,
S, and Simons,
D: Muscle Pain, Understanding its Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pp 289–337.
79. +
Salter,
RB: Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System, ed. 3. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
80. +
Sanita,
P, and de Alencar,
F: Myofascial pain syndrome as a contributing factor in patients with chronic headaches. J Musculoskel Pain 17:15–25, 2009.
81. +
Shah,
J, and Gilliams,
E: Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: an application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome. J Bodywork Movt Ther 12:371–384, 2008.
82. +
Sharma,
L,
et al: Physical functioning over three years in knee osteoarthritis: role of psychosocial, local mechanical, and neuromuscular factors.
Arthritis Rheum 48(12):3359–3370, 2003.
[PubMed: 14673987]
83. +
Shaw,
C, McCully,
K, and Posner,
J: Injuries during the one repetition maximum assessment in the elderly.
J Cardiopulm Rehabil 15(4):283–287, 1995.
[PubMed: 8542534]
84. +
Simon,
LS: Arthritis: New agents herald more effective symptom management.
Geriatrics 54(6):37–42, 1999.
[PubMed: 10377916]
85. +
Simons,
D: Myofascial Pain Caused by Trigger Points. In Mense,
S, and Simons,
D: Muscle Pain, Understanding its Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pp 205–288.
86. +
Simons,
D, Travell,
J, and Simons,
L: Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual, Vol 1, ed. 2. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
87. +
Simons,
D: Review of enigmatic MTrPs as a common cause of enigmatic musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction.
J Electromyogr Kinesiol 14:95–107, 2004.
[PubMed: 14759755]
88. +
Sinaki,
M: Effect of physical activity on bone mass.
Curr Opin Rheumatol 8:376–383, 1996.
[PubMed: 8864592]
89. +
Song,
R,
et al: Effect of Tai Chi exercise on pain, balance, muscle strength, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning in older women with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial.
J Rheumatol 30(9):2039–2044, 2003.
[PubMed: 12966613]
90. +
Starlanyl,
D, and Copeland,
M: Fibromyalgia and Chronic Myofascial Pain, ed. 2. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, 2001.
91. +
The Arthritis Foundation's Guide to Good Living with Osteoarthritis. Atlanta: Arthritis Foundation, 2000.
92. +
The Arthritis Foundation's Guide to Good Living with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Atlanta: Arthritis Foundation, 2000.
93. +
Tough,
E, White,
A, and Cummings,
TM: Acupuncture and dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Eur J Pain 13:3–10, 2009.
[PubMed: 18395479]
95. +
Van den Ende,
CH,
et al: Effect of intensive exercise on patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial.
Ann Rheum Dis 59(8):615–621, 2000.
[PubMed: 10913058]
96. +
Wegener,
L, Kisner,
C, and Nichols,
D: Static and dynamic balance responses in persons with bilateral knee osteoarthritis.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 25:13–18, 1997.
[PubMed: 8979171]
97. +
Wolfe,
F, Clauw,
D, and Fitzcharles,
M: The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res 62:600–610, 2010.
98. +
Wolfe,
F, Smythe,
HA, and Yunus,
MB: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia: report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee.
Arthritis Rheum 33:160–172, 1990.
[PubMed: 2306288]
99. +
Ytterberg,
SR, Mahowald,
ML, and Krug,
HE: Exercise for arthritis.
Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 8(1):161–189, 1994.
[PubMed: 8149442]